Nolo was born in 1971 as a publisher of self-help legal books. Guided by the motto “law for all,” our attorney authors and editors have been explaining the law to everyday people ever since. Learn more about our history and our editorial standards.
Each article that we publish has been written or reviewed by one of our editors, who together have over 100 years of experience practicing law. We strive to keep our information current as laws change. Learn more about our editorial standards.
Before you moved into your newly constructed home, your local town, city, or municipality most likely inspected it and issued a certificate of occupancy. That indicated that the home was, at a minimum, livable. However, many new homeowners are unhappy to discover that the certificate doesn't guarantee that everything is in working order or even complete. You might therefore need to assert your rights against the builder, most likely based on the builder's warranty. This might be as simple a process as communicating with the builder, or it might involve making a formal claim and eventually going to court.
At least a year's worth of seasonal changes is often needed to put a newly constructed house to the test. For example, only in winter might you discover that water seeps into the basement or around window frames, that the landscaping was badly graded and leads to mudslides, or that your home has a mold problem. And guess what: Your homeowners' insurance policy probably doesn't cover construction defects.
Most home builders issue new owners a warranty (often called a "limited warranty") on their work, either within the sales contract or as a separate document. Interestingly, such warranties aren't necessarily required by state law, though you'll certainly want to check on the law in your state, and perhaps hire a lawyer for a consultation.
The builder's warranty's maximum term is typically actually a combination of time periods, based on the type of needed work. It might be broken up, for example, into one-, two-, and ten-year terms. Homeowners commonly receive:
The result is that some of the best parts of the builder's warranty expire quickly, such as for carpeting, tiles, paint, and roofing.
If you received a warranty from your home's builder, read it over to determine its length, who is supposed to handle problems (the builder might have bought third-party insurance), and what's covered and excluded.
Pay special attention to your own responsibilities under the builder's warranty: you might have been given a detailed list of maintenance obligations. Ignoring these gives the builder a perfect excuse to deny you protections under the warranty.
Typical exclusions from a builder's warranty include:
Some home defects are hard to detect, so it's worth keeping track of upcoming expiration dates, then worth paying a professional to point out what the builder needs to fix.
In fact, many builders' warranties or contracts say they'll send a quality-control inspector within the first year to check on your house. Keep track of that date yourself, and make sure the builder's inspectors truly seem to be scouting for trouble. If not, hire your own. In preparation for any inspection, make a list of every problem you've observed. Something as apparently minor as a cracked tile could indicate a major problem, like a shifting foundation.
If the defective or damaged item is covered by the builder's warranty, read what it says about procedures for filing a claim. Many warranties require you to send written notification to the builder, while others give you a hotline to call.
In fact, sending a letter to the builder is a good idea regardless of what the warranty says. This shows that you're serious about asserting your rights, and creates evidence that you might later want to use in court. Send the letter by certified mail with a return receipt, so the builder can't later claim not to have received it.
Also keep notes on your every conversation with the builder, including the dates. You can use this information to confirm, in your letters to the builder, what you agreed to. And they might also be good to show to a judge someday.
Be prepared to act quickly. Sometimes you can protect your rights just by notifying the builder of problems within the warranty period. However, some warranties are cleverly written to let the builder string you along without making the repairs until the warranty period has run out and you've lost your rights. (Don't bring in any outside contractors to do repairs yet, as this could allow the builder to cancel the benefits of the warranty.)
If your builder isn't accepting responsibility, figure out whether a manufacturer's warranty might apply; for example, to an appliance, windows, roof shingles, or other product. You might be able to argue that the product itself failed, in which case a manufacturer that stands behind its product will provide replacements and repairs.
The catch, however, is that the product needs to have been installed properly, and improper installation in new construction is often the very core of the problem.
If items in your new house simply remain uncompleted, what happens next depends on what you agreed to at the closing. Your contract might have allowed you to do a closing inspection of the home, at which time you and the builder should have created a punch list of items yet to be done. The seller has a contractual obligation to fix the items on that list, and you should keep insisting on follow-through. Don't assume that the home warranty covers uncompleted items: some warranties specifically exclude them.
Has your builder gone missing? A few builders are fly-by-night operations that close up shop, leave town, and change their name as soon as the work is done (or near to done). For cases like these, go straight to a lawyer for help.